Modulación de la Interferencia y la Ansiedad en la Recuperación de Esquemas Implícitos a través de la Memoria de Trabajo
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Se llevó adelante un estudio experimental en una muestra de 44 sujetos adultos para probar los efectos de la amplitud de la memoria de trabajo (AMT) y de la carga de interferencia proactiva (IP), sobre los niveles de ansiedad experimentados y la capacidad para inhibir esquemas implícitos. Para tal fin se diseñó el instrumento ESTRELLA, una versión digitalizada con tecnología Arduino de la prueba de dibujo en espejo utilizada para medir memoria procedimental por Brenda Milner (Ferreres, 2016; Fraisse, 1954; Milner et al., 1998; Pinel, 2001), también utilizada para medir el potencial de aprendizaje de praxias motoras (Piñeyro, 2015). Se midió el efecto que tuvo el nivel de sorpresa experimentado durante la realización de la tarea sobre la capacidad de inhibición de esquemas procedimentales implícitos desajustados que interfieren durante la tarea. Los resultados indican que la AMT incide en la capacidad de inhibición de IP y modula los niveles de ansiedad, mientras que el efecto sorpresa facilitaría un proceso de reconsolidación que permitiría la adecuación o reestructuración de los esquemas implícitos desajustados.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Cómo citar
Referencias
Aerni, A., Traber, R., Hock, C., Roozendaal, B., Schelling, G., Papassotiropoulos, A., Nitsch, R. M., Schnyder, U., & De Quervain, D. J. F. (2004). Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1488–1490. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1488
Ali, U., & Hasan, S. (2010). The Effectiveness of Relaxation Therapy in the Reduction of Anxiety Related Symptoms (A Case Study). International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v2n2p202
American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. DSM-IV-TR. Texto Revisado. American Psychiatric Association. Masson.
Anderson, J. (1983). A Spreading Activation Theory of Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 22(3), 261–295. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90201-3
Anderson, J. (1997). ACT-R: A theory of higher-level cognition and its relation to visual attention. Human-Computer Interaction, 12, 439–462. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci1204_5
Anderson, M., & Neely, J. H. (1996). Interference and Inhibition in Memory Retrieval. In E. Bjork & R. Bjork (Eds.), Handbook of perception and cognition Memory (2nd ed.). (pp. 237–313). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012102570-0/50010-0
Anderson, M., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering Can Cause Forgetting: Retrieval Dynamics in Long-Term Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(5), 1063–1087. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1063
Ansari, T. L., & Derakhshan, N. (2011). The neural correlates of impaired inhibitory control in anxiety. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 1146-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.019
Azzollini, S., & Piñeyro, D. (2014). Informe sobre la intervención psicosocial efectuada en la comunidad de El Rodeo después de las inundaciones del 23 de enero de 2014. Servicio Tecnológico brindado al Municipio por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociales y Humanas para la Defensa. Ejercito.
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315111261
Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47–89). Academic Press.
Baddeley, A., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14(6), 575–589. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b470/cbb6c7c235f670bb63601da7c9d853219718.pdf
Barlow, D. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. Guilford press.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004). Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 553–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553
Bartlett, F. (1932). Remembering. A study in experimental and social psychology. The Cambridge Psychological Library. http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2273030:5/component/escidoc:2309291/Bartlett_1932_Remembering.pdf
Besnard, D., & Cacitti, L. (2005). Interface changes causing accidents. An empirical study of negative transfer. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 62(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.08.002
Bishop, S. (2009). Trait anxiety and impoverished prefrontal control of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2242
Bishop, S., Duncan, J., Brett, M., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 7(2), 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1173
Bouton, M. E. (2004). Context and behavioral processes in extinction. Learning and Memory, 11(5), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.78804
Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010
Bremner, J., Scott, T., Delaney, R., Southwick, S., Mason, J., Johnson, D., Innis, R., McCarthy, G., & Charney, D. (1993). Deficits in short-term memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(7), 1015–1019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.7.1015
Brewin, C. R. (2014). Episodic Memory, Perceptual Memory, and their Interaction: Foundations for a Theory of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 69–97. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315853178
Brewin, C. R., & Smart, L. (2005). Working memory capacity and suppression of intrusive thoughts. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36(1 SPEC. ISS.), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.006
Brown, J. (1958). Some Tests of the Decay Theory of Immediate Memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1080/17470215808416249
Burin, D., & Duarte, A. (2005). Efectos del Envejecimiento en el Ejecutivo Central de la Memoria de Trabajo. Revista Argentina de Neuropsicología, 6, 1–11. https://www.revneuropsi.com.ar/_files/ugd/2c1a84_a13b1c8285c14eccb45accef55ae03c1.pdf
Burin, D., Duarte, D., Delgado, A., & Prieto, G. (2004). Memoria de trabajo visoespacial y aptitud de Visualización. Cognitiva, 16(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1174/021435504322839180
Caballo, V. (1997). Manual para el tratamiento cognitivo-conductual de los trastornos psicológicos, Vol. 1: Trastornos por ansiedad, sexuales, afectivos y psicóticos. Siglo XXI.
Caballo, V., & Mateos Vilchez, P. (2000). El tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad a las puertas del siglo XXI. Psicología Conductual, 8(2), 173–215.
Carpenter, P., Just, M. A., & Shell, P. (1990). What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review, 97(3), 404–431.
Choi, K., Kirkorian, H. L., & Pempek, T. A. (2018). Understanding the Transfer Deficit: Contextual Mismatch, Proactive Interference, and Working Memory Affect Toddlers’ Video-Based Transfer. Child Development, 89(4), 1378–1393. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12810
Coccoz, V., Sandoval, A. V., Stehberg, J., & Delorenzi, A. (2013). The temporal dynamics of enhancing a human declarative memory during reconsolidation. Neuroscience, 246, 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.033
Conway, A., Tuholski, S. W., Shisler, R. J., & Engle, R. W. (1999). The effect of memory load on negative priming: An individual differences investigation. Memory and Cognition, 27(6), 1042–1050. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201233
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 19(4), 450–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6
Darke, S. (1988). Effects of anxiety on inferential reasoning task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(3), 499—505. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.55.3.499
Delorenzi, A., Maza, F. J., Suárez, L. D., Barreiro, K., Molina, V. A., & Stehberg, J. (2014). Memory beyond expression. Journal of Physiology Paris, 108(4–6), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.002
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 355–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66(3), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047707
Elsey, J. W. B., & Kindt, M. (2017). Tackling maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: From neural to clinical science. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 142, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.007
Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. (pp. 102–134). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174909.007
Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6(6), 409–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208409696
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
Fales, C. L., Barch, D. M., Burgess, G. C., Schaefer, A., Mennin, D. S., Gray, J. R., & Braver, T. S. (2008). Anxiety and cognitive efficiency: Differential modulation of transient and sustained neural activity during a working memory task. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 8(3), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.8.3.239
Ferreres, A. (2016). Cerebro y memoria. In Temas de Neurociencia. Módulo V (pp. 40–41). Cátedra de Neurofisiolíga, Facultad de Psicología, UBA.
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Sierra-Baigrie, S., Lemos-Giráldez, S., & Muñiz, J. (2012). Propiedades Psicométricas del “Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo” (STAI) en Universitarios. Behavioral Psychology/ Psicologia Conductual, 20(3), 547–561.
Fraisse, P. (1954). Experimento 37: El aprendizaje y la transferencia bilateral. In P. Fraisse, G. Durup, & G. Montmollin (Eds.), Manual Práctico de Investigación Experimetal (pp. 203–206). Kapelusz.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The Relations Among Inhibition and Interference Control Functions: A Latent-Variable Analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 101–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101
Furlan, L. A., Sánchez Rosas, J., Heredia, D., Piemontesi, S., & Illbele, A. (2009). Estrategias de aprendizaje y ansiedad ante los exámenes en estudiantes universitarios. Pensamiento Psicológico, 5(12), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.11144/109
Ganea, P. A., & Harris, P. L. (2013). Early limits on the verbal updating of an object’s location. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.04.013
Goel, V., & Grafman, J. (1995). Are the frontal lobes implicated in “planning” functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia, 33(5), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(95)90866-P
Gómez-Núñez, M. I., Aparicio-Flores, M. P., Vicent, M., Aparisi-Sierra, D., Fernández-Sogorb, A., & Inglés, C. J. (2017). Diferencias En Ansiedad Escolar En Función Del Sexo Y Del Curso Académico En Educación Primaria. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología., 3(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v3.974
Guillén Riquelme, A. (2014). Validación de la adaptación española del State-Trait Anxiety Inventory en diferentes muestras españolas. Universidad de Granada.
Hamilton, A. C., & Martin, R. C. (2007). Proactive interference in a semantic short-term memory deficit: Role of semantic and phonological relatedness. Cortex, 43(1), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70449-0
Hasher, L., Lustig, C., & Zacks, R. (2007). Inhibitory mechanisms and the control of attention. In Variation in working memory. (pp. 227–249). Oxford University Press.
Heeren, A., Coussement, C., & Mcnally, R. (2016). Untangling attention bias modification from emotion: A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 61–67.
Holmes, E. A., Arntz, A., & Smucker, M. R. (2007). Imagery rescripting in cognitive behaviour therapy: Images, treatment techniques and outcomes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38(4), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.007
Iruarrizaga Diez, I., Dongil Collado, E., & Cano Vindel, A. (2009). El trastorno por estrés postraumático. Poderoso enemigo en el proceso rehabilitador. En Prevención de Riesgos En Los Comportamientos Viales, January, (pp. 243–267). Precovir-08.
Jonides, J., Marshuetz, C., Smith, E. E., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Koeppe, R. A., & Hartley, A. (2000). Age differences in behavior and PET activation reveal differences in interference resolution in verbal working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(1), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892900561823
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2000). Working-Memory Capacity, Proactive Interference, and Divided Attention: Limits on Long-Term Memory Retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(2), 336–358
Keppel, G., & Underwood, B. (1962). Proactive inhibition in short-term retention of single items. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1(3), 153–161.
Kessels, R. P. C., Van Den Berg, E., Ruis, C., & Brands, A. M. A. (2008). The backward span of the corsi block-tapping task and its association with the WAIS-III digit span. Assessment, 15(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191108315611
Kindt, M., & van Emmerik, A. (2016). New avenues for treating emotional memory disorders: towards a reconsolidation intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 6(4), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125316644541
Kotovsky, K., Hayes, J. R., & Simon, H. A. (1985). Why are some problems hard? Evidence from Tower of Hanoi. Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 248–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(85)90009-X
Larrosa, P. N. F., Ojea, A., Ojea, I., Molina, V. A., Zorrilla-Zubilete, M. A., & Delorenzi, A. (2017). Retrieval under stress decreases the long-term expression of a human declarative memory via reconsolidation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 142, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.005
Liu, C., Yang, Y., Zhang, X. M., Xu, X., Dou, Q.-L., & Zhang, W.-W. (2020). The prevalence and influencing factors for anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional survey. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.05.20032003
Logie, R., & Marchetti, C. (1991). Visuo-spatial working memory: Visual, spatial or central executive? In R. Logie & M. Denis (Eds.), Mental Images in Human Cognition (pp. 105–115). North Hollan.
Logie, R., Zucco, G. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Interference with visual short-term memory. Acta Psychologica, 75(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(90)90066-O
Luethi, M., Meier, B., & Sandi, C. (2009). Stress effects on working memory, explicit memory, and implicit memory for neutral and emotional stimuli in healthy men. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3(JAN), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.08.005.2008
Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Hula, S. N. A., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025
Macizo, P., Bajo, T., & Felipa Soriano, M. (2006). Memoria operativa y control ejecutivo: Procesos inhibitorios en tareas de actualizatión y generatión aleatoria. Psicothema, 18(1), 112–116.
MacLeod, C., & Donnellan, A. M. (1993). Individual differences in anxiety and the restriction of working memory capacity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90023-V
Mao, X., Fung, O. W. M., Hu, X., & Loke, A. Y. (2018). Psychological impacts of disaster on rescue workers: a review of the literature. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 602–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.10.020
Marton, K., Campanelli, L., Eichorn, N., Scheuer, J., & Yoon, J. (2014). Information processing and proactive interference in children with and without specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0306
McGaugh, J. L. (2000). Memory - A century of consolidation. Science, 287, 248–251. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.248
Mcnally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does Early Psychological Intervention Promote Recovery From Posttraumatic Stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(2), 45–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01421
Mecklinger, A., Weber, K., Gunter, T. C., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Dissociable brain mechanisms for inhibitory control: Effects of interference content and working memory capacity. Cognitive Brain Research, 18(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.08.008
Mensink, G. J., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1988). A Model for Interference and Forgetting. Psychological Review, 95(4), 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.4.434
Merz, C. J., Wolf, O. T., & Hennig, J. (2010). Stress impairs retrieval of socially relevant information. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(2), 288–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018942
Miguel-Tobal, J. J., Cano Vindel, A., Iruarrizaga, I., González Ordi, H., & Galea, S. (2004). Repercusiones psicopatológicas de los atentados del 11-M en Madrid. Clínica y Salud, 15(3), 293–304. http://www.copmadrid.org/publicaciones/clinica/marcoscontenidos.htm
Milner, B., Squire, L. R., & Kandel, E. R. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory. Neuron, 20(3), 445–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80987-3
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001). How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 621–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.621
Moore, H. T. A., Gómez-Ariza, C. J., & Garcia-Lopez, L. J. (2016). Stopping the past from intruding the present: Social anxiety disorder and proactive interference. Psychiatry Research, 238, 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.053
Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999). Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.167
Nairne, J. S., Neath, I., & Serra, M. (1997). Proactive interference plays a role in the word-length effect. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(4), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214346
Newell, A., & Simon, H. (1972). Human problem solving. Prentice Hall.
Pastells, A., & Roca, D. (2003). Un análisis comparative del papel del bucle fonológico versus la agenda viso-espacial en el cálculo en ninos de 7-8 años. Psicothema, 15(2), 241–246.
Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(3), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0049234
Pinel, J. (2001). Biopsicologia (4ta ed.). Prentice Hall.
Piñeyro, D. (2010). Incidencia de la memoria de trabajo en la inhibicion de la interferencia proactiva. In M. Etchevers (Ed.), II Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XVII Jornadas de Investigación Sexto Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR (pp. 386–387). Facultad de Psicología, UBA. https://www.aacademica.org/000-031/166%0AActa
Piñeyro, D. (2013a). Incidencia de las diferencias de Amplitud de Memoria de Trabajo en la inhibición de Interferencia Proactiva en tareas episódico-semánticas y procedimentales. (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Piñeyro, D. (2015). Desarrollo de un prototipo de instrumento para la medición del potencial de aprendizaje de habilidades procedimentales motoras. In M. Etchevers (Ed.), VII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXII Jornadas de Investigación XI Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. (pp. 48–49). Facultad de Psicología, UBA. https://www.aacademica.org/000-015/193
Piñeyro, D. (2018). Estudio psicométrico de la fiabilidad del Instrumento APEEM (Autopercepción Del Estado Emocional) para la evaluación del estado emocional evocado por recuerdos estresantes. In M. Etchevers (Ed.), X Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXV Jornadas de Investigación XIV Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. (pp. 84–85). Facultad de Psicología, UBA.
Piñeyro, D., & Azzollini, S. (2016). Desarrollo del Instrumento Apeem, para la evaluación y medición del estado emocional del personal de emergencias que interviene en desastres ambientales. In M. Etchevers (Ed.), VIII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XXIII Jornadas de Investigación XII Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR. (p. 67). Facultad de Psicologia, UBA. https://www.aacademica.org/000-044/957%0AActa
Piñeyro, D., & Azzollini, S. (2019a). Intervención psicosocial en los planes de contingencia para catástrofes ambientales. In E. Fenoglio (Ed.), Inundaciones urbanas y cambio climático. Recomedaciones para la gestión (pp. 119–121). Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación.
Piñeyro, D., Azzollini, S., & Squillace, M. (2020). Validez de criterio del instrumento APEEM para la evaluación de la ansiedad y la perturbación emocional de recuerdos estresantes. In M. Etchevers (Ed.), XII Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología, XXVII Jornadas de Investigación, XVI Encuentro de Investigación en Psicología del Mercosur. Facultad de Psicologia, UBA.
Piñeyro, D., Azzollini, S., Simkin, H., & Herrera Alvarez, A. M. (2019). Propiedades psicométricas del instrumento Autopercepción del Estado Emocional (APEEM). Revista ConCiencia EPG, 4(2), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.32654/concienciaepg.4-2.5
Popa, I., Donos, C., Barborica, A., Opris, I., Mălîia, M. D., Ene, M., Ciurea, J., & Mîndruţă, I. (2016). Intrusive thoughts elicited by direct electrical stimulation during stereo-electroencephalography. Frontiers in Neurology, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00114
Postman, L., & Underwood, B. J. (1973). Critical issues in interference theory. Memory & Cognition, 1(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198064
Rapee, R. M. (1993). The utilisation of working memory by worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(6), 617–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90114-A
Robinson, S. J., Sünram-Lea, S. I., Leach, J., & Owen-Lynch, P. J. (2008). The effects of exposure to an acute naturalistic stressor on working memory, state anxiety and salivary cortisol concentrations. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 11(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701559970
Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995). Costs of a Predictable Switch Between Simple Cognitive Tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124(2), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.207
Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1998). Working Memory Capacity and Suppression. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 418–436. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2590
Ruiz Vargas, J. (2000). La investigación experimental de la memoria en el seno de la psicología cognitiva. Revista Anthropos: Huellas Del Conocimiento, 189–190, 73–101.
Sandry, J., Zuppichini, M., Rothberg, J., Valdespino-Hayden, Z., & DeLuca, J. (2018). Poor Encoding and Weak Early Consolidation Underlie Memory Acquisition Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis: Retroactive Interference, Processing Speed, or Working Memory? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(2), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy029
Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2008). Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(5), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004
Simon, H. A. (1975). The functional equivalence of problem solving skills. Cognitive Psychology, 7(2), 268–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90012-2
Soriano, M. F., Macizo, P., & Bajo, T. (2004). Diferencias individuales en tareas de interferencia episódica y semántica. Psicothema, 16(2), 187–193.
Spielberger, C., Gorsuch, R., & Lushene, R. (1982). Manual para el Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo (STAI). TEA Ediciones.
Swick, D., Cayton, J., Ashley, V., & Turken, U. (2017). Dissociation between Working Memory Performance and Proactive Interference Control in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Neuropsychologia, 96, 111–121.
Tornay, F. J., & Milán, E. G. (2001). Diferente participación de los mecanismos de control en el cambio entre tareas regular frente al cambio al azar. Psicothema, 13(1), 111–117.
Verwoerd, J., Wessel, I., & de Jong, P. (2009). Individual differences in experiencing intrusive memories: The role of the ability to resist proactive interference. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(2), 189–201.
Vyas, A., Mitra, R., Shankaranarayana Rao, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2002). Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(15), 6810–6818. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-15-06810.2002
Watson, J., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1–14.
Wickens, D., Born, D., & Allen, C. (1963). Proactive inhibition and item similarity in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2(5–6), 440–445.
Woud, M. L., Heeren, A., Shkreli, L., Meyer, T., Cwik, J. C., Zlomuzica, A., Kessler, H., & Margraf, J. (2019). Investigating the effect of proactive interference control training on intrusive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1611092
Yang, Y., Miskovich, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2018). State anxiety impairs proactive but enhances reactive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02570