Transformación de la memoria: consolidación, reconsolidación y error de predicción
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32654/ConCienciaEPG/Eds.especial-6Palabras clave:
memoria, consolidación, reconsolidación, transformación, error de predicciónResumen
El proceso de consolidación de la memoria fue tomado de la psicología para ser estudiado en el campo neurobiológico con la finalidad de dar cuenta de cómo se conserva la información en el cerebro a largo plazo. En principio, este programa de investigación se basó en la idea de que una vez adquirida una memoria, en condiciones normales, se vuelve estable y persistente. Sin embargo, una gran diversidad de estudios ha demostrado que una memoria, a pesar de su temporalidad, sigue siendo sensible a la interferencia. Más aún, la evidencia sugiere que la experiencia en curso reactiva y actualiza a la memoria. Por ello, se propuso un proceso de reconsolidación que parece depender del grado en que la información actual se desvía de lo que predice la memoria reactivada. En ese sentido, en esta revisión, se analizan los enfoques tradicionales sobre la consolidación y reconsolidación de la memoria y se ofrecen algunas ideas más recientes sobre la naturaleza de la transformación de la memoria con base en el procesamiento del error de predicción, en distintos niveles de análisis.
Descargas
Citas
Alberini, C. M. (2005). Mechanisms of memory stabilization: are consolidation and reconsolidation similar or distinct processes?. Trends in neurosciences, 28(1), 51-56.
Alberini, C. M. (2011). The role of reconsolidation and the dynamic process of long-term memory formation and storage. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 5, 12.
Alvares, L. D. O., Crestani, A. P., Cassini, L. F., Haubrich, J., Santana, F., & Quillfeldt, J. A. (2013). Reactivation enables memory updating, precision-keeping and strengthening: exploring the possible biological roles of reconsolidation. Neuroscience, 244, 42-48.
Alvarez, P., & Squire, L. R. (1994). Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: a simple network model. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 91(15), 7041-7045.
Apicella, P. (2017). The role of the intrinsic cholinergic system of the striatum: what have we learned from TAN recordings in behaving animals?. Neuroscience, 360, 81-94.
Barron, H. C., Garvert, M. M., & Behrens, T. E. (2016). Repetition suppression: a means to index neural representations using BOLD?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1705), 20150355.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Barto, A., Mirolli, M., & Baldassarre, G. (2013). Novelty or surprise?. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 907.
Berman, D. E., & Dudai, Y. (2001). Memory extinction, learning anew, and learning the new: dissociations in the molecular machinery of learning in cortex. Science, 291(5512), 2417-2419.
Bouret, S., & Sara, S. J. (2005). Network reset: a simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function. Trends in neurosciences, 28(11), 574-582.
Bowen, H. J., Kark, S. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2018). NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 25(3), 870-891.
Carandini, M., & Ferster, D. (1997). A tonic hyperpolarization underlying contrast adaptation in cat visual cortex. Science, 276(5314), 949-952.
Caroni, P., Donato, F., & Muller, D. (2012). Structural plasticity upon learning: regulation and functions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(7), 478-490.
Chen, W., Li, J., Xu, L., Zhao, S., Fan, M., & Zheng, X. (2021). Destabilizing different strengths of fear memories requires different degrees of prediction error during retrieval. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 14, 243.
Chiamulera, C., Piva, A., & Abraham, W. C. (2021). Glutamate receptors and metaplasticity in addiction. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 56, 39-45.
Cho, J. R., Chen, X., Kahan, A., Robinson, J. E., Wagenaar, D. A., & Gradinaru, V. (2021). Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons signal motivational salience dependent on internal state, expectation, and behavioral context. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(12), 2645-2655.
Craig, M., Knowles, C., Hill, S., & Dewar, M. (2021). A study on episodic memory reconsolidation that tells us more about consolidation. Learning & Memory, 28(2), 30-33.
Craik, F. I., & Rose, N. S. (2012). Memory encoding and aging: A neurocognitive perspective. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1729-1739.
Dash, P. K., Hebert, A. E., & Runyan, J. D. (2004). A unified theory for systems and cellular memory consolidation. Brain Research Reviews, 45(1), 30-37.
Davis, H. P., & Squire, L. R. (1984). Protein synthesis and memory: a review. Psychological bulletin, 96(3), 518.
Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of experimental psychology, 58(1), 17.
Den Ouden, H. E., Friston, K. J., Daw, N. D., McIntosh, A. R., & Stephan, K. E. (2009). A dual role for prediction error in associative learning. Cerebral cortex, 19(5), 1175-1185.
Dickinson, A. (2012). Associative learning and animal cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1603), 2733-2742.
Dobbins, I. G., Schnyer, D. M., Verfaellie, M., & Schacter, D. L. (2004). Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning. Nature, 428(6980), 316-319.
Dudai, Y. (1989). The neurobiology of memory: concepts, findings, trends. Oxford University Press.
Dudai, Y. (2004). The neurobiology of consolidations, or, how stable is the engram?. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 51-86.
Dudai, Y. (2006). Reconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused. Current opinion in neurobiology, 16(2), 174-178.
Dudai, Y. (2012). The restless engram: consolidations never end. Annual review of neuroscience, 35, 227-247.
Dudai, Y., & Eisenberg, M. (2004). Rites of passage of the engram: reconsolidation and the lingering consolidation hypothesis. Neuron, 44(1), 93-100.
Dudai, Y., Karni, A., & Born, J. (2015). The consolidation and transformation of memory. Neuron, 88(1), 20-32.
Dudai, Y., & Morris, R. G. (2000). To consolidate or not to consolidate: what are the questions?. Brain, perception, memory: Advances in cognitive neuroscience, 149-162.
Dudai, Y., & Morris, R. G. (2013). Memorable trends. Neuron, 80(3), 742-750.
Ebbinghaus, H. (1902). The principles of psychology. Veit, Leipzig, 437.
Elsey, J. W., & Kindt, M. (2017). Breaking boundaries: optimizing reconsolidation-based interventions for strong and old memories. Learning & Memory, 24(9), 472-479.
Exton-McGuinness, M. T., Lee, J. L., & Reichelt, A. C. (2015). Updating memories—the role of prediction errors in memory reconsolidation. Behavioural brain research, 278, 375-384.
Fernández, R. S., Boccia, M. M., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016). The fate of memory: reconsolidation and the case of prediction error. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 423-441.
Finnie, P. S., & Nader, K. (2012). The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1667-1707.
Forcato, C., Argibay, P.F., Pedreira, M.E., Maldonado, H., (2009). Human reconsolidation does not always occur when a memory is retrieved: the relevance of the reminder structure. Neurobiol Learn Mem 91, 50–57.
Forcato, C., Fernandez, R. S., & Pedreira, M. E. (2013). The role and dynamic of strengthening in the reconsolidation process in a human declarative memory: what decides the fate of recent and older memories?. PloS one, 8(4), e61688.
Forcato, C., Fernandez, R. S., & Pedreira, M. E. (2014). Strengthening a consolidated memory: the key role of the reconsolidation process. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 108(4-6), 323-333.
Frey, U., & Morris, R. G. (1997). Synaptic tagging and long-term potentiation. Nature, 385(6616), 533-536.
Garrido, M. I., Kilner, J. M., Kiebel, S. J., & Friston, K. J. (2007). Evoked brain responses are generated by feedback loops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(52), 20961-20966.
Gerlicher, A., Kindt, M., & Verweij, S. A. (2021). Better, worse, or different than expected-On the role of value and identity prediction errors in fear memory reactivation.
Giuliano, C., & Cottone, P. (2015). The role of the opioid system in binge eating disorder. CNS spectrums, 20(6), 537-545.
Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and brain sciences, 20(1), 1-19.
Glickman, S. E. (1961). Perseverative neural processes and consolidation of the memory trace. Psychological bulletin, 58(3), 218.
Gotts, S. J., Chow, C. C., & Martin, A. (2012). Repetition priming and repetition suppression: A case for enhanced efficiency through neural synchronization. Cognitive neuroscience, 3(3-4), 227-237.
Grill-Spector, K., Henson, R., & Martin, A. (2006). Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(1), 14-23.
Hayden, B. Y., Heilbronner, S. R., Pearson, J. M., & Platt, M. L. (2011). Surprise signals in anterior cingulate cortex: neuronal encoding of unsigned reward prediction errors driving adjustment in behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(11), 4178-4187.
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The first stage of perception: growth of the assembly. The Organization of Behavior, 4, 60-78.
Henson, R. N., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., Ganel, T., Otten, L. J., Quayle, A., & Rugg, M. D. (2003). Electrophysiological and haemodynamic correlates of face perception, recognition and priming. Cerebral cortex, 13(7), 793-805.
Hollerman, J. R., & Schultz, W. (1998). Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning. Nature neuroscience, 1(4), 304.
Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O., & Nadel, L. (2007). Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information. Learning & memory, 14(1-2), 47-53.
Inda, M. C., Muravieva, E. V., & Alberini, C. M. (2011). Memory retrieval and the passage of time: from reconsolidation and strengthening to extinction. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 1635-1643.
Iordanova, M. D., Yau, J. O. Y., McDannald, M. A., & Corbit, L. H. (2021). Neural substrates of appetitive and aversive prediction error. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.
Keller, A. J., Houlton, R., Kampa, B. M., Lesica, N. A., Mrsic-Flogel, T. D., Keller, G. B., & Helmchen, F. (2017). Stimulus relevance modulates contrast adaptation in visual cortex. Elife, 6, e21589.
Kim, K., Hsieh, L. T., Parvizi, J., & Ranganath, C. (2020). Neural repetition suppression effects in the human hippocampus. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 173, 107269.
Kim, G., Kwon, M., Kang, W., & Lee, S. H. (2021). Is Reconsolidation a General Property of Memory?. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 96.
Krawczyk, M. C., Millan, J., Blake, M. G., & Boccia, M. M. (2021). Role of prediction error and the cholinergic system on memory reconsolidation processes in mice. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 107534.
Kroes, M. C., & Fernández, G. (2012). Dynamic neural systems enable adaptive, flexible memories. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1646-1666.
Langille, J. J., & Brown, R. E. (2018). The synaptic theory of memory: a historical survey and reconciliation of recent opposition. Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 12, 52.
Lashley, K. S. (1950). In search of the engram. In Society for Experimental Biology, Physiological mechanisms in animal behavior. (Society's Symposium IV.) (pp. 454–482). Academic Press.
Le Pelley, M. E. (2004). The role of associative history in models of associative learning: A selective review and a hybrid model. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B, 57(3b), 193-243.
Lee, J. L. (2008). Memory reconsolidation mediates the strengthening of memories by additional learning. Nature neuroscience, 11(11), 1264-1266.
Lee, J. L. (2009). Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance. Trends in neurosciences, 32(8), 413-420.
Lee, J. L., Di Ciano, P., Thomas, K. L., & Everitt, B. J. (2005). Disrupting reconsolidation of drug memories reduces cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuron, 47(6), 795-801.
Lewis, D. J. (1979). Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological bulletin, 86(5), 1054.
Ljungberg, T., Apicella, P., & Schultz, W. (1992). Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions. Journal of neurophysiology, 67(1), 145-163.
Lods, M., Pacary, E., Mazier, W., Farrugia, F., Mortessagne, P., Masachs, N., ... & Tronel, S. (2021). Adult-born neurons immature during learning are necessary for remote memory reconsolidation in rats. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-14.
Mackintosh, N. J. (1975). A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological review, 82(4), 276.
Marr, D., Willshaw, D., & McNaughton, B. (1991). Simple memory: a theory for archicortex. In From the Retina to the Neocortex (pp. 59-128). Birkhäuser Boston.
Martin, K. C., Casadio, A., Zhu, H., Yaping, E., Rose, J. C., Chen, M., ... & Kandel, E. R. (1997). Synapse-specific, long-term facilitation of aplysia sensory to motor synapses: a function for local protein synthesis in memory storage. Cell, 91(7), 927-938.
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological review, 102(3), 419.
McIntyre, C. K., McGaugh, J. L., & Williams, C. L. (2012). Interacting brain systems modulate memory consolidation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1750-1762.
McNaughton, B. L., & Morris, R. G. (1987). Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage within a distributed memory system. Trends in neurosciences, 10(10), 408-415.
Meeter, M., & Murre, J. M. (2005). TraceLink: A model of consolidation and amnesia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(5), 559-587.
Meyer, W. U., Niepel, M., Rudolph, U., & Schützwohl, A. (1991). An experimental analysis of surprise. Cognition & Emotion, 5(4), 295-311.
Milner, B., Corkin, S., & Teuber, H. L. (1968). Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of HM. Neuropsychologia, 6(3), 215-234.
Misanin, J. R., Miller, R. R., & Lewis, D. J. (1968). Retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock after reactivation of a consolidated memory trace. Science, 160(3827), 554-555.
Morris, R. G. M. (2006). Elements of a neurobiological theory of hippocampal function: the role of synaptic plasticity, synaptic tagging and schemas. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23(11), 2829-2846.
Müller, G. E., & Pilzecker, A. (1900). Experimentelle beiträge zur lehre vom gedächtniss (Vol. 1). JA Barth.
Murray, E. A., Wise, S. P., & Graham, K. S. (2017). the Evolution of Memory Systems: Ancestors, anatomy, and adaptations. Oxford University Press.
Nadel, L., & Hardt, O. (2011). Update on memory systems and processes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 251-273.
Nadel, L., & Moscovitch, M. (1997). Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex. Current opinion in neurobiology, 7(2), 217-227.
Nadel, L., Samsonovich, A., Ryan, L., & Moscovitch, M. (2000). Multiple trace theory of human memory: computational, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological results. Hippocampus, 10(4), 352-368.
Nader, K., & Einarsson, E. Ö. (2010). Memory reconsolidation: an update. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1191(1), 27-41.
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722-726.
Nairne, J. S., & Pandeirada, J. N. (2016). Adaptive memory: The evolutionary significance of survival processing. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 496-511.
Pearce, J. M., & Hall, G. (1980). A model for Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological review, 87(6), 532.
Pearce, J. M., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2010). Two theories of attention: A review and a possible integration. Attention and associative learning: From brain to behaviour, 11-39.
Pedreira, M. E., Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., & Maldonado, H. (2004). Mismatch between what is expected and what actually occurs triggers memory reconsolidation or extinction. Learning & memory, 11(5), 579-585.
Przybyslawski, J., & Sara, S. J. (1997). Reconsolidation of memory after its reactivation. Behavioural brain research, 84(1-2), 241-246.
Reichelt, A. C., & Lee, J. L. (2013). Memory reconsolidation in aversive and appetitive settings. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 7, 118.
Rescorla, R. A. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Current research and theory, 64-99.
Rescorla, R. A. (1988). Behavioral studies of Pavlovian conditioning. Annual review of neuroscience, 11(1), 329-352.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803.
Roesch, M. R., Esber, G. R., Li, J., Daw, N. D., & Schoenbaum, G. (2012). Surprise! Neural correlates of Pearce–Hall and Rescorla–Wagner coexist within the brain. European Journal of Neuroscience, 35(7), 1190-1200.
Rosenbaum, R. S., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2001). New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex. Behavioural brain research, 127(1-2), 183-197.
Rothenhoefer, K. M., & Stauffer, W. R. (2020). Dopamine Signals Learn New Tricks. Neuron, 106(1), 11-13.
Rudy, J. W. (2015). The neurobiology of learning and memory. Psychology, 4032, 5032.
Sara, S. J. (2000). Retrieval and reconsolidation: toward a neurobiology of remembering. Learning & memory, 7(2), 73-84.
Scalf, P. E., Ahn, J., Beck, D. M., & Lleras, A. (2014). Trial history effects in the ventral attentional network. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 26(12), 2789-2797.
Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 773-786.
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2008). Episodic simulation of future events: concepts, data, and applications.
Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Memory consolidation of auditory pavlovian fear conditioning requires protein synthesis and protein kinase A in the amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(18), RC96-RC96.
Schiller, D., & Phelps, E. A. (2011). Does reconsolidation occur in humans?. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 5, 24.
Schultz, W. (2000). Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nature reviews neuroscience, 1(3), 199.
Schultz, W. (2007). Behavioral dopamine signals. Trends in neurosciences, 30(5), 203-210.
Schultz, W., & Dickinson, A. (2000). Neuronal coding of prediction errors. Annual review of neuroscience, 23(1), 473-500.
Schützwohl, A. (1998). Surprise and schema strength. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(5), 1182.
Schwabe, L., Joëls, M., Roozendaal, B., Wolf, O. T., & Oitzl, M. S. (2012). Stress effects on memory: an update and integration. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1740-1749.
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 20(1), 11.
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012). Retrieval per se is not sufficient to trigger reconsolidation of human fear memory. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 97(3), 338-345.
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Prediction error governs pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear. Science, 339(6121), 830-833.
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014). Prediction error demarcates the transition from retrieval, to reconsolidation, to new learning. Learning & memory, 21(11), 580-584.
Simon, K. C., Gómez, R. L., Nadel, L., & Scalf, P. E. (2017). Brain correlates of memory reconsolidation: a role for the TPJ. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 142, 154-161.
Sinclair, A. H., & Barense, M. D. (2018). Surprise and destabilize: prediction error influences episodic memory reconsolidation. Learning & memory, 25(8), 369-381.
Sinclair, A. H., & Barense, M. D. (2019). Prediction error and memory reactivation: how incomplete reminders drive reconsolidation. Trends in neurosciences, 42(10), 727-739.
Squire, L. R., & Alvarez, P. (1995). Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: a neurobiological perspective. Current opinion in neurobiology, 5(2), 169-177.
Summerfield, C., Trittschuh, E. H., Monti, J. M., Mesulam, M. M., & Egner, T. (2008). Neural repetition suppression reflects fulfilled perceptual expectations. Nature neuroscience, 11(9), 1004.
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (1981). Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: expectation and prediction. Psychological review, 88(2), 135.
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 150(3700), 1187-1188.
Terao, K., Matsumoto, Y., & Mizunami, M. (2015). Critical evidence for the prediction error theory in associative learning. Scientific reports, 5(1), 1-8.
Thompson, R. F., & Krupa, D. J. (1994). Organization of memory traces in the mammalian brain. Annual review of neuroscience, 17(1), 519-549.
Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associative processes in animals. The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements, 2(4), i.
Tobler, P. N., Fiorillo, C. D., & Schultz, W. (2005). Adaptive coding of reward value by dopamine neurons. Science, 307(5715), 1642-1645.
Tse, D., Langston, R. F., Kakeyama, M., Bethus, I., Spooner, P. A., Wood, E. R., ... & Morris, R. G. (2007). Schemas and memory consolidation. Science, 316(5821), 76-82.
Vecchi, T., & Gatti, D. (2020). Memory as prediction: From looking back to looking forward. MIT press.
Waelti, P., Dickinson, A., & Schultz, W. (2001). Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory. Nature, 412(6842), 43-48.
Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2016). Understanding the boundary conditions of memory reconsolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(28), E3991-E3992.
Wang, S. H., & Morris, R. G. (2010). Hippocampal-neocortical interactions in memory formation, consolidation, and reconsolidation. Annual review of psychology, 61, 49-79.
Weingartner, H., & Parker, E. S. (1984). Memory consolidation: A cognitive perspective. Memory consolidation: Psychobiology of cognition, 1-14.
Wilhelm, I., Prehn-Kristensen, A., & Born, J. (2012). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation–what can be learnt from children?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(7), 1718-1728.
Yassa, M. A., & Stark, C. E. (2011). Pattern separation in the hippocampus. Trends in neurosciences, 34(10), 515-525.
Zola-Morgan, S., & Squire, L. R. (1986). Memory impairment in monkeys following lesions limited to the hippocampus. Behavioral neuroscience, 100(2), 155.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Revista ConCiencia EPG
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
