Salvia divinorum: un estudio fenomenológico y cognitivo de la experiencia en usuarios de Latinoamérica y España.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32654/ConCienciaEPG/Eds.especial-9Palabras clave:
#Salvia divinorum, #salvinorina A, #Fenomenología, #Potenciadores Cognitivos, #Estados Modificados de Conciencia, #Psicodélicos, #Ciencias CognitivasResumen
La planta Salvia divinorum (Ska pastora, Hierba María, María Pastora), es una planta endémica mexicana de la familia de las mentas, con larga historia de uso tradicional entre nativos de la Sierra de Oaxaca, en México. Se emplea en prácticas religiosas, curativas y adivinatorias, y es uno de los componentes principales de ceremonias de sanación física y espiritual, siendo beneficiosa tanto para tratar afecciones gastrointestinales como para tratar el alcoholismo, entre otras. En ambientes urbanos industrializados de Latinoamérica y España, su uso recreativo se ha extendido y sus efectos subjetivos están todavía poco documentados en la literatura científica con validez ecológica, lo que limita el conocimiento sobre sus efectos en ambientes poco controlados. Comprender el uso no-tradicional contemporáneo es deseable (y quizás necesario) para evitar los consumos problemáticos y explorar potenciales usos benéficos —ya sean terapéuticos, clínicos o cognitivos— sobre todo de cara a la inminente legalización de las sustancias psicodélicas en muchos países del mundo. Este estudio se enfoca principalmente en el aspecto subjetivo de la experiencia con Salvia divinorum y en su interpretación post-facto, analizando la percepción y otros procesos cognitivos y emocionales propios de la experiencia en usuarios contemporáneos. Se concluye que un uso planificado de la Salvia divinorum podría tener efectos positivos en términos terapéuticos y como potenciador cognitivo. Sin embargo, es necesario profundizar la investigación e incluir métodos cuantitativos de las ciencias cognitivas para integrar un conocimiento sólido de su psicofarmacología y neurofenomenología.
Descargas
Citas
Addy, P. H. (2012). Acute and post-acute behavioral and psychological effects of salvinorin A in humans. Psychopharmacology, 220(1), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00213-011-2470-6
Addy, P. H., Garcia-Romeu, A., Metzger, M., & Wade, J. (2015). The subjective experience of acute, experimentally-induced Salvia divinorum inebriation. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115570081
Anderson, R. I., Lopez, M. F., Griffin, W. C., Haun, H. L., Bloodgood, D. W., Pati, D., Boyt, K. M., Kash, T. L., & Becker, H. C. (2019). Dynorphin-kappa opioid receptor activity in the central amygdala modulates binge-like alcohol drinking in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(6), 1084–1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41386-018-0294-3
Baggott, M. J., Erowid, E., Erowid, F., Galloway, G. P., & Mendelson, J. (2010). Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: An internet-based survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.003
Barrett, F. S., Bradstreet, M. P., Leoutsakos, J. M. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2016). The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1279–1295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116678781
Bergé, D., Bulbena, A., Sperry, L., Pailhez, G., Valls, S., Martín-Santos, R., & Berrios, G. (2009). Síntomas de despersonalización en pacientes psiquiátricos: La nueva escala de despersonalización presente-vida (DP-PV). Archivos de Psiquiatria, 72(1–4), 1–13.
Bienemann, B., Ruschel, N. S., Campos, M. L., Negreiros, M. A., & Mograbi, D. C. (2020). Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis. PLoS ONE, 15(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229067
Braida, D., Capurro, V., Zani, A., Rubino, T., Viganò, D., Parolaro, D., & Sala, M. (2009). Potential anxiolytic- And antidepressant-like effects of salvinorin A, the main active ingredient of Salvia divinorum, in rodents. British Journal of Pharmacology, 157(5), 844–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00230.x
Butelman, E. R., & Kreek, M. J. (2015). Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: Pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6(SEP), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00190
Butelman, E. R., Mandau, M., Tidgewell, K., Prisinzano, T. E., Yuferov, V., & Kreek, M. J. (2007). Effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid hallucinogen, on a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor homology to humans. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 320(1), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.112417
Butelman, E. R., Prisinzano, T. E., Deng, H., Rus, S., & Kreek, M. J. (2009). Unconditioned behavioral effects of the powerful kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: Fast onset and entry into cerebrospinal fluid. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 328(2), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.145342
Canal, C., & Murnane, K. (2016). The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens. Journal Of Psychopharmacology, 31(1), 127-143. doi: 10.1177/0269881116677104
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., Tyacke, R. J., Leech, R., Malizia, A. L., Murphy, K., Hobden, P., Evans, J., Feilding, A., Wise, R. G., & Nutt, D. J. (2012). Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(6), 2138–2143. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Bolstridge, M., Demetriou, L., Pannekoek, J. N., Wall, M. B., Tanner, M., Kaelen, M., McGonigle, J., Murphy, K., Leech, R., Curran, H. V., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression: FMRI-measured brain mechanisms. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I., & Kaelen, M. (2018). Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 725–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Wall, M. B., Erritzoe, D., Kaelen, M., Ferguson, B., De Meer, I., Tanner, M., Bloomfield, M., Williams, T. M., Bolstridge, M., Stewart, L., Morgan, C. J., Newbould, R. D., Feilding, A., Curran, H. V., & Nutt, D. J. (2014). The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(04), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145713001405
Castner, S., & Goldman-Rakic, P. (2003). Amphetamine sensitization of hallucinatory-like behaviors is dependent on prefrontal cortex in nonhuman primates. Biological Psychiatry, 54(2), 105-110. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00292-0
Chernik, D., Gillings, D., Laine, H., Hendler, J., Silver, J., & Davidson, A. et al. (1990). Validity and Reliability of the Observer??s. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10(4), 244???251. doi: 10.1097/00004714-199008000-00003
Clark, S., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2019). The Role of Dynorphin and the Kappa Opioid Receptor in the Symptomatology of Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence. Biological Psychiatry, 86(7), 502-511. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.012
Cole S, Richardson R, McNally GP (2013) Ventral Hippocampal Kappa Opioid Receptors Mediate the Renewal of Fear following Extinction in the Rat. PLoS ONE 8(5): e58701. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058701
Coleman, B. C., Manz, K. M., & Grueter, B. A. (2021). Kappa opioid receptor modulation of excitatory drive onto nucleus accumbens fast-spiking interneurons. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 46(13), 2340–2349. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41386-021-01146-8
Cunningham, C. W., Rothman, R. B., & Prisinzano, T. E. (2011). Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring κ-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A. Pharmacological Reviews, 63(2), 316–347. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003244
Currie, C. L. (2013). Epidemiology of adolescent Salvia divinorum use in Canada. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 128(1–2), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.008
De Gregorio, D., Comai, S., Posa, L., & Gobbi, G. (2016). D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) as a model of psychosis: Mechanism of action and pharmacology. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 17, Issue 11). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111953
DEA. (2021). Drug Scheduling. Drug Scheduling. https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling
Díaz, J. L. (1977). Ethnopharmacology of sacred psychoactive plants used by the Indians of Mexico. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 17, 647–675. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.PA.17.040177.003243
Díaz, J. L. (2013). Salvia divinorum: a psychopharmacological riddle and a mind-body prospect. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 6(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/CDAR-EPUB-20130429-4 [pii]
Díaz, J. L., & Flores, E. O. (2001). La estructura de la emoción humana: Un modelo cromático del sistema afectivo. Salud Mental, 24(4), 20–35.
Diržytė, A., Kačerauskas, T., & Perminas, A. (2021). Associations between happiness, attitudes towards creativity and self-reported creativity in Lithuanian youth sample. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100826
Dong, H. P., Zhou, W., Ma, X. X., He, Z. Z., & Wang, Z. H. (2018). Salvinorin a preserves cerebral pial artery autoregulation after forebrain ischemia via the PI3K/AKT/cGMP pathway. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 51(5). https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20176714
Dong, H., Zhou, W., Xin, J., Shi, H., Yao, X., He, Z., & Wang, Z. (2019). Salvinorin A moderates postischemic brain injury by preserving endothelial mitochondrial function via AMPK/Mfn2 activation. Experimental Neurology, 322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113045
Duque, H., & Aristizábal Díaz-Granados, E. (2019). Análisis fenomenológico interpretativo. Una guía metodológica para su uso en la investigación cualitativa en psicología. Pensando Psicología, 15(25), 1–24.
Dykstra, L. A., Bertalmio, A. J., & Woods, J. H. (1988). Discriminative and analgesic effects of mu and kappa opioids: in vivo pA2 analysis. Psychopharmacology Series, 4, 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73223-2_9
Epling, C., & Jativa, C. D. (1962). A new species of salvia from Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets 20: 75. Harvard University.
European Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2022) Salvia divinorum drug profile. Disponible en https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/salvia_en
Ferrari, R., le Novère, N., Picciotto, M. R., Changeux, J. P., & Zoli, M. (2002). Acute and long-term changes in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway after systemic or local single nicotine injections. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15(11), 1810–1818. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.02009.x
Fichna J, Schicho R, Andrews CN, et al. Salvinorin A inhibits colonic transit and neurogenic ion transport in mice by activating kappa-opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(12):1326–e128.
Fortier-Davy, M., & Millière, R. (2020). The multi-dimensional approach to drug-induced states: A commentary on Bayne and Carter’s “dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state.” Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2020(1), 1DUMM. https://doi.org/10.1093/NC/NIAA004
García Cerqueda, O. (2014) Huautla: Tierra de magia, de hongos... y hippies, 1960-1975. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. ISBN 6074876770, 9786074876772
Gashi, L., Sandberg, S., & Pedersen, W. (2021). Making “bad trips” good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy, 87, 102997. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102997
Gómez-Pompa, A. (1957). Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva. Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología (IBUNAM), Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva, ejemplar de: Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU), Plantas Vasculares. En Portal de Datos Abiertos UNAM (en línea), México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Disponible en: http://datosabiertos.unam.mx/IBUNAM:MEXU:87556
González, D., Riba, J., Bouso, J. C., Gómez-Jarabo, G., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2006). Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85(2), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.001
González, J. C. (2017). La déréalisation pharmacogénique en tant qu’EMC paradigmatique. Intellectica. Revue de l’Association Pour La Recherche Cognitive, 67(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2017.1836
Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M., Molinar, A., Cassidy, K., & Sabbagh, J. (2021). Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration: A Transtheoretical Model for Clinical Practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 710. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.645246/BIBTEX
Grilli, M., Neri, E., Zappettini, S., Massa, F., Bisio, A., & Romussi, G. et al. (2009). Salvinorin A exerts opposite presynaptic controls on neurotransmitter exocytosis from mouse brain nerve terminals. Neuropharmacology, 57(5-6), 523-530. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.023
Grof, S. (1980). LSD psychotherapy. Hunter House.
Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstad, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011). Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116
Grundmann, O., Phipps, S. M., Zadezensky, I., & Butterweck, V. (2007). Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: An update on pharmacology and analytical methodology. Planta Medica, 73(10), 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-981566
Hanes, K. R. (2001). Antidepressant effects of the herb salvia divinorum: A case report [12]. In Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (Vol. 21, Issue 6, pp. 634–635). J Clin Psychopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-200112000-00025
Hanna, J. (1999). Growing Salvia divinorum from seed. The Entheogen Review, VIII (3), 110–124.
Harden, M. T., Smith, S. E., Niehoff, J. A., McCurdy, C. R., & Taylor, G. T. (2012). Antidepressive effects of the κ-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin A in a rat model of anhedonia. Behavioural Pharmacology, 23(7), 710–715. https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e3283586189
Hernández-Bello, R., García-Rodríguez, R. V., García-Sosa, K., Peña-Rodríguez, L. M., Vázquez-Hernández, M., Ramos-Morales, F. R., Corcoran, O., & Sánchez-Medina, A. (2015). Salvinorin A content in legal high products of Salvia divinorum sold in Mexico. Forensic Science International, 249, 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.038
Hofmann, A. (1978). Historical view on ergot alkaloids. Pharmacology, 16(Suppl. 1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1159/000136803
Hofmann, A. (1979). LSD, mein Sorgenkind. 231.
Hofmann, A. (1980). LSD: Como descubrí el ácido y que paso después en el mundo. Editorial GEDISA. ISBN: 978-84-9784-172-6
Hofmann, A., Frey, A., Ott, H., Petrzilka, T., & Troxler, F. (1958). Konstitutionsaufklärung und Synthese von Psilocybin. Experientia, 14(11), 397–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02160424
Hofmann, A., Heim, R., Brack, A., Kobel, H., Frey, A., Ott, H., Petrzilka, T., & Troxler, F. (1959). Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 42(5), 1557–1572. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19590420518
Hood, R. W. (1975). The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Reported Mystical Experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 14(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384454
Hooker, J. M., Xu, Y., Schiffer, W., Shea, C., Carter, P., & Fowler, J. S. (2008). Pharmacokinetics of the potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A in primates parallels the rapid onset and short duration of effects in humans. NeuroImage, 41(3), 1044–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.003
Huxley, A., Palmer, C., and Horowitz, M. (1977). Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience (1931-1963). New York, NY: Stonehill.
Instituto Nacional de salud pública (2022). Alcoholismo, una relación tóxica. Disponible en https://www.insp.mx/avisos/5128-dia-uso-nocivo-alcohol.html
Jermain, J. D., & Evans, H. K. (2009). Analyzing salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin a utilizing thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(3), 612–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.00999.x
Ji, G., & Neugebauer, V. (2020). Kappa opioid receptors in the central amygdala modulate spinal nociceptive processing through an action on amygdala CRF neurons. Molecular Brain, 13(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13041-020-00669-3/FIGURES/3
Johansen, P. Ø., & Krebs, T. S. (2015). Psychedelics not linked to mental health problems or suicidal behavior: a population study. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 29(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114568039
Johnson, M. W., MacLean, K. A., Reissig, C. J., Prisinzano, T. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011). Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1–2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.005
Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., & Griffiths, R. R. (2008). Human hallucinogen research: Guidelines for safety. In Journal of Psychopharmacology (Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 603–620). J Psychopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108093587
Karkhanis, A., Holleran, K. M., & Jones, S. R. (2017). Dynorphin/Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling in Preclinical Models of Alcohol, Drug, and Food Addiction. International Review of Neurobiology, 136, 53–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.IRN.2017.08.001
Kivell, B., Uzelac, Z., Sundaramurthy, S., Rajamanickam, J., Ewald, A., Chefer, V., Jaligam, V., Bolan, E., Simonson, B., Annamalai, B., Mannangatti, P., Prisinzano, T. E., Gomes, I., Devi, L. A., Jayanthi, L. D., Sitte, H. H., Ramamoorthy, S., & Shippenberg, T. S. (2014). Salvinorin A regulates dopamine transporter function via a kappa opioid receptor and ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. Neuropharmacology, 86, 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.016
Knoll, A. T., & Carlezon, W. A. (2010). Dynorphin, stress, and depression. Brain Research, 1314C, 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BRAINRES.2009.09.074
Lange, J. E., Daniel, J., Homer, K., Reed, M. B., & Clapp, J. D. (2010). Salvia divinorum: Effects and use among YouTube users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108(1–2), 138–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.010
Lee, M. A., & Shlain, B. (1985). Acid dreams: The complete social history of LSD: the CIA, the sixties, and beyond. New York: Grove Press.
Lemaire, S., Lafrance, L., & Dumont, M. (1986). Synthesis and biological activity of dynorphin-(1-13) and analogs substituted in positions 8 and 10. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research, 27(3), 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1399-3011.1986.TB01824.X
MacDougal, J. (1997) Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva. Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología (IBUNAM), Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva, ejemplar de: Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU), Plantas Vasculares. En Portal de Datos Abiertos UNAM (en línea), México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Disponible en http://datosabiertos.unam.mx/IBUNAM:MEXU:1051410
MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., Reissig, C. J., Prisinzano, T. E., & Griffiths, R. R. (2013). Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: Dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2912-9
Manske, R. H. F. (1931). A synthesis of the methyltryptamines and some derivatives. Canadian Journal of Research, 5(5), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjr31-097
Maqueda, A. E., Valle, M., Addy, P. H., Antonijoan, R. M., Puntes, M., Coimbra, J., Ballester, M. R., Garrido, M., González, M., Claramunt, J., Barker, S., Lomnicka, I., Waguespack, M., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R., & Riba, J. (2016). Naltrexone but not ketanserin antagonizes the subjective, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine effects of salvinorin-A in humans. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw016
Matthew, H. (1968). Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Intoxication. British Medical Journal, 1(5588), 380. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5588.380
McCurdy, C., Sufka, K., Smith, G., Warnick, J., & Nieto, M. (2006). Antinociceptive profile of salvinorin A, a structurally unique kappa opioid receptor agonist. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 83(1), 109-113. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.12.011
Medana, C., Massolino, C., Pazzi, M. and Baiocchi, C. (2006), Determination of salvinorins and divinatorins in Salvia divinorum leaves by liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20: 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2288
Mendrek, A. (2014). Existe-t-il des différences entre les hommes et les femmes en ce qui concerne les problèmes de toxicomanie? Santé Mentale Au Québec, 39(2), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.7202/1027832AR
Miller, J. M., Zanderigo, F., Purushothaman, P. D., DeLorenzo, C., Rubin-Falcone, H., Ogden, R. T., Keilp, J., Oquendo, M. A., Nabulsi, N., Huang, Y. H., Parsey, R. V., Carson, R. E., & Mann, J. J. (2018). Kappa opioid receptor binding in major depression: A pilot study. Synapse (New York, N.Y.), 72(9), e22042. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.22042
Mithoefer, M. C., Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, A. T., Jerome, L., & Doblin, R. (2011). The safety and efficacy of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine- assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: The first randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110378371
Morani, A. S., Kivell, B., Prisinzano, T. E., & Schenk, S. (2009). Effect of kappa-opioid receptor agonists U69593, U50488H, spiradoline and salvinorin A on cocaine-induced drug-seeking in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 94(2), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.002
Mores, K. L., Cummins, B. R., Cassell, R. J., & van Rijn, R. M. (2019). A review of the therapeutic potential of recently developed G protein-biased kappa agonists. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10(APR), 407. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHAR.2019.00407/BIBTEX
Muncan, B., Walters, S. M., Ezell, J., & Ompad, D. C. (2020). “they look at us like junkies”: Influences of drug use stigma on the healthcare engagement of people who inject drugs in New York City. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12954-020-00399-8/TABLES/2
Munro, T. A., & Rizzacasa, M. A. (2003). Salvinorins D-F, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an improved method for the isolation of salvinorin A. Journal of Natural Products, 66(5), 703–705. https://doi.org/10.1021/np0205699
Napoletano, F., Schifano, F., Corkery, J. M., Guirguis, A., Arillotta, D., Zangani, C., & Vento, A. (2020). The Psychonauts’ World of Cognitive Enhancers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 908. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2020.546796/BIBTEX
Nava-Gómez, L., Fuentes-Castillo, P. (2015). Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva. Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología (IBUNAM), Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva, ejemplar de: Herbario Nacional de México (MEXU), Plantas Vasculares. En Portal de Datos Abiertos UNAM (en línea), México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Disponible en http://datosabiertos.unam.mx/IBUNAM:MEXU:1400209
Nichols, D. E., Johnson, M. W., & Nichols, C. D. (2017). Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 101(2), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.557
Nutt, D., Erritzoe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2020). Psychedelic Psychiatry’s Brave New World. Cell, 181(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020
Orsolini, L., John-Smith, P. S., McQueen, D., Papanti, D., Corkery, J., & Schifano, F. (2017). Evolutionary Considerations on the Emerging Subculture of the E-psychonauts and the Novel Psychoactive Substances: A Comeback to the Shamanism? Current Neuropharmacology, 15(5), 731. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666161111114838
Orsolini, L., Papanti, G. D., Francesconi, G., & Schifano, F. (2015). Mind Navigators of Chemicals’ Experimenters? A Web-Based Description of E-Psychonauts. Https://Home.Liebertpub.Com/Cyber, 18(5), 296–300. https://doi.org/10.1089/CYBER.2014.0486
Ortega, A., Blount, J. F., & Manchand, P. S. (1982). Salvinorin, a new trans-neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae). Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, (0), 2505–2508. https://doi.org/10.1039/p19820002505
Orton, E., & Liu, R. (2014). Salvinorin A: A Mini Review of Physical and Chemical Properties Affecting Its Translation from Research to Clinical Applications in Humans. Translational Perioperative and Pain Medicine, 1(1), 9. /pmc/articles/PMC4208627/
Ott, J. (1995). Ethnopharmacognosy and human pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A. Curare, 18(1), 103–129.
Peckys, D., & Hurd, Y. L. (2001). Prodynorphin and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the cingulate and prefrontal cortices of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders. Brain research bulletin, 55(5), 619–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00525-1
Pfeiffer, A., Brantl, V., Herz, A., & Emrich, H. M. (1986). Psychotomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors. Science (New York, N.Y.), 233(4765), 774–776. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3016896
Pittaluga, A., Olivero, G., Di Prisco, S., Merega, E., Bisio, A., & Romussi, G. et al. (2013). Effects of the neoclerodane Hardwickiic acid on the presynaptic opioid receptors which modulate noradrenaline and dopamine release in mouse central nervous system. Neurochemistry International, 62(4), 354-359. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.016
Prisinzano, T. E. (2005). Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. Life Sciences, 78(5), 527–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.008
Ragu Varman, D., Jayanthi, L. D., & Ramamoorthy, S. (2022). Kappa Opioid Receptor Mediated Differential Regulation of Serotonin and Dopamine Transporters in Mood and Substance Use Disorder. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 271, 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2021_499
Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Idialu-Ikato, K., Kaelen, M., Watts, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2019). Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: Validation of the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 1076–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855974
Roth, B. L., Lopez, E., Beischel, S., Westkaemper, R. B., & Evans, J. M. (2004). Screening the receptorome to discover the molecular targets for plant-derived psychoactive compounds: a novel approach for CNS drug discovery. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 102(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.004
Ruiz Franco, J. C. 1967-. (2015). Albert Hofmann : vida y legado de un químico humanista. Editorial Liebre de Marzo. ISBN:978-84-92470-32-7
Schmidt, M. D., Schmidt, M. S., Butelman, E. R., Harding, W. W., Tidgewell, K., Murry, D. J., Kreek, M. J., & Prisinzano, T. E. (2005). Pharmacokinetics of the plant-derived ??-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates. Synapse, 58(3), 208–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20191
Schultes, R. E., Hofmann, A., & Ratsch, C. (2000). Plantas de los dioses: orígenes del uso de los alucinógenos (No. 581.6 S386p). Fondo de Cultura Económica,.
Secretaría de Salud. Ley General de Salud, art. 245-247. México
Serra, V., Fattore, L., Scherma, M., Collu, R., Spano, M. S., Fratta, W., & Fadda, P. (2015). Behavioural and neurochemical assessment of salvinorin A abuse potential in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 232(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00213-014-3641-Z
Sgourev, S. V. (2021). Changing perspective: An “optical” approach to creativity. Poetics, 101581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101581
Siebert, D. J. (1994). Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 43(1), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90116-3
Siebert, D. J. (2004). Localization of Salvinorin A and Related Compounds in Glandular Trichomes of the Psychoactive Sage, Salvia divinorum. Annals of Botany, 93(6), 763. https://doi.org/10.1093/AOB/MCH089
Simonson, B., Morani, A. S., Ewald, A. W. M., Walker, L., Kumar, N., Simpson, D., Miller, J. H., Prisinzano, T. E., & Kivell, B. M. (2015). Pharmacology and anti-addiction effects of the novel κ opioid receptor agonist Mesyl Sal B, a potent and long-acting analogue of salvinorin A. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172(2), 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12692
Soto-Restrepo, V., Taborda-Ocampo, G., & Garzón-Méndez, W. (2017). Salvinorina A: terpeno alucinógeno presente en Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva. Colombia Forense, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.16925/cf.v4i1.2022
Sumnall, H. R., Measham, F., Brandt, S. D., & Cole, J. C. (2011). Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: Results from an online survey. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385596
Sun, J., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Lu, J., Hu, Q., … Chen, C. (2019). Salvinorin A attenuates early brain injury through PI3K/Akt pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rat. Brain Research, 1719, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.026
Sun, J., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Lu, J., Hu, Q., Liu, R., Zhou, C., & Chen, C. (2019). Salvinorin A attenuates early brain injury through PI3K/Akt pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rat. Brain Research, 1719, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.026
Taylor, G. T., & Manzella, F. (2016). Kappa Opioids, Salvinorin A and Major Depressive Disorder. Current neuropharmacology, 14(2), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666150727220944
Tejeda, H. A., Hanks, A. N., Scott, L., Mejias-Aponte, C., Hughes, Z. A., & O’donnell, P. (2015). Prefrontal Cortical Kappa Opioid Receptors Attenuate Responses to Amygdala Inputs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015 40:13, 40(13), 2856–2864. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.138
Teksin, Z. S., Lee, I. J., Nemieboka, N. N. et al., 2009. Evaluation of the transport, in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen. Eur J PharmBiopharm, 72, 471-477.
Thomas, G., Lucas, P., Capler, N., Tupper, K., & Martin, G. (2013). Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 6(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.2174/15733998113099990003
Timmermann, C. S. (2014). Neurosciences and psycotherapeutic applications in the psychedelic research renaissaince. In Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatria (Vol. 52, Issue 2, pp. 93–102). Sociedad de Neurologia Psiquiatria y Neurocirugia. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92272014000200005
Timmermann, C., Spriggs, M. J., Kaelen, M., Leech, R., Nutt, D. J., Moran, R. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Muthukumaraswamy, S. D. (2018). LSD modulates effective connectivity and neural adaptation mechanisms in an auditory oddball paradigm. Neuropharmacology, 142, 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.039
Tlacomulco-Flores, L., Déciga-Campos, M., González-Trujano, M., Carballo-Villalobos, A., & Pellicer, F. (2020). Antinociceptive effects of Salvia divinorum and bioactive salvinorins in experimental pain models in mice. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 248, 112276. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112276
Tsujikawa, K., Kuwayama, K., Miyaguchi, H., Kanamori, T., Iwata, Y. T., Yoshida, T., & Inoue, H. (2008). Determination of salvinorin A and salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-related products circulated in Japan. Forensic Science International, 180(2–3), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.07.008
Tullis, P. (2021). How ecstasy and psilocybin are shaking up psychiatry. Nature, 589(7843), 506–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00187-9
Turnes, J. de M., Araya, E. I., Barroso, A. R., Baggio, D. F., Koren, L. de O., Zanoveli, J. M., & Chichorro, J. G. (2022). Blockade of kappa opioid receptors reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Behavioural Brain Research, 417. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBR.2021.113595
Turton, S., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2014). A Qualitative Report on the Subjective Experience of Intravenous Psilocybin Administered in an fMRI Environment. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 7(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473708666150107120930
Valdés, L. J. (1994). Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, salvinorin (divinorin) A. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1994.10472441
Valdés, L. J., Díaz, J., & Paul, A. G. (1983). Ethnopharmacology of ska María Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Játiva-M.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 7(3), 287–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1
Weitlaner, R. J. (1950). Curaciones mazatecas. Anales Del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 279–285. https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/anales/article/view/7136
White, K. L., & Roth, B. L. (2012). Psychotomimetic effects of kappa opioid receptor agonists. In Biological Psychiatry (Vol. 72, Issue 10, pp. 797–798). Biol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.014
Yan, F., Mosier, P. D., Westkaemper, R. B., Stewart, J., Zjawiony, J. K., Vortherms, T. A., Sheffler, D. J., & Roth, B. L. (2005). Identification of the molecular mechanisms by which the diterpenoid salvinorin A binds to kappa-opioid receptors. Biochemistry, 44, 8643–8651. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi050490d
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Revista ConCiencia EPG
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
