Motivación: un recorrido histórico y teórico de los principales marcos conceptuales
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Literatura sobre estudios motivacionales presenta una enrevesada yuxtaposición de definiciones provenientes de marcos teóricos disímiles. Un inconveniente que surge al revisar esta literatura es la polisemia que hay en torno al constructo. En un sentido general la motivación se relaciona con procesos básicos que proporcionan energía y dirección a la conducta. La energía implica que el comportamiento tiene fortaleza, intensidad y persistencia. La dirección refiere a que la conducta tiene un propósito y está orientada a una meta en particular. Se puede esbozar una división en torno al origen de la energía (i.e., interna vs externa) o la dirección del comportamiento (i.e., intrínseco vs extrínseco). La motivación no debe entenderse como una serie de categorías aisladas u opuestas, sino como un sistema multicomponente que dinamiza y orienta la conducta hacia el logro de una meta. En esta revisión se recorren los principales marcos conceptuales de las ciencias del comportamiento a partir de los que se desprenden términos motivacionales, desde la psicología experimental en modelos animales y los últimos hallazgos neurocientíficos hasta los trabajos sobre psicología sociocognitiva en humanos, con el objetivo de entablar lazos entre los estudios básicos y aplicados.
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